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Co-morbid insomnia and sleep apnea refer to the simultaneous presence of both sleep disorders in an individual. The interaction between insomnia and sleep apnea can create a complex cycle where the fragmented sleep from apnea exacerbates insomnia, and vice versa. This interplay can lead to severe sleep deprivation and is associated with greater impairment of sleep, daytime function, mental health, and quality of life. Epidemiological studies highlight the prevalence and risk factors, including age, obesity, lifestyle, smoking, genetics, and certain medical conditions. Men and women may experience these co-morbid conditions differently, with variations in prevalence, symptoms, and treatment responses. The combined burden of insomnia and sleep apnea can lead to significant economic costs due to healthcare expenses and lost productivity, resulting in profound economic and social impacts. Understanding these aspects is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. |